]> 2026-04-17T18:51:01+00:00 Publication.10.1038/nature01779 0 en Any assessment of future climate change requires knowledge of the full range of natural variability in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Here we splice together fossil-coral oxygen isotopic records from Palmyra Island in the tropical Pacific Ocean to provide 30–150-year windows of tropical Pacific climate variability within the last 1,100 years. The records indicate mean climate conditions in the central tropical Pacific ranging from relatively cool and dry during the tenth century to increasingly warmer and wetter climate in the twentieth century. But the corals also document a broad range of ENSO behaviour that correlates poorly with these estimates of mean climate. The most intense ENSO activity within the reconstruction occurred during the mid-seventeenth century. Taken together, the coral data imply that the majority of ENSO variability over the last millennium may have arisen from dynamics internal to the ENSO system itself. cobb2003elniosouthernoscillationa doi.org 10.1038/nature01779 6946 Nature 271-276 doi.org 2003 Springer Nature Nature Publishing Group El Niño/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium article-journal article 424 2017-11-10T22:28:27Z 2458068.4364236 Publication.10.1038/nature01779 Ocn-Palmyra.Cobb.2003 0 en Ocn-Palmyra.Cobb.2003 Palmyra.Cobb.2013 0 en Palmyra.Cobb.2013 PublishedIn (L) 102 en core:publishedIn|http://linked.earth/ontology# PublishedIn (L)